Online Classroom: January 2014

DHAKA BOARD-2012

DHAKA BOARD-2012 ENGLISH (COMPULSORY) SECOND PAPER Part A- Grammar (Marks-40) 1. Complete the passage with suitable verbs from the list. Put them in the correct tense. Use the negatives where necessary:- 1×5=5 occurincreasepunishkeepcleanbringobey Most often traffic problem (a) ———- in the congested areas where the roads are very narrow. In proportion to our population roads (b) ———-. There are many unlicensed vehicles which should (c) ———-under control. The drivers are not willing to (d)———– the traffic rules. Irresponsible drivers (e) ———-strictly. 2. Read the following letter andfillin the blanks with suitable prepositions:- 1×5=5 Dear Bina, I am very glad to receive your letter (a)—— time. You have stood first (b)———-the examination. I would like to offer congratulations (c) ——–— your grand success. We are really proud (d)———you. I hope you will do better (e) ———– your future examinations. With best wishes Your elder brother Nasim. 3. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) mark where an article is not needed:-1×5=5 Tea is a drink. It is also (a) ———– refreshing drink. The preparation of tea is a long but (b) ———-interesting process, (c) ———-water is first boiled in (d)——-— kettle and (e)———-desired quantity of (f) ———- tea dust is put in it. After (g)———– few minutes (h) ———– boilled leaves are separated (i) ———– liquor. Then the liquor is poured into (j) ———–cup and some milk and sugar are mixed with it. 4. Make meaningful sentences with the following idioms (any five):- 1×5=5 On the contrary; an open secret; in the mean time; in the event of; as soon as; in front of; as though. 5. Re-write the following passage in the reported speech. 1×5=5 “Oh, my Lord, please do not kill the child,” said the woman. “Let her have him” the king said. “Now everything is clear to me.” pointing to the woman, he said to the servant, “Give her the child. She is the mother of the baby. 6. Read the following passage and transform the underlined sentences as directed:- 1×5=5 (a) Anika wrote a letter to her mother yesterday. (passive) (b) She told her mother to send Tk. 1000 to buy some books, (complex) (c) In the letter, she told her that she should not worry about her studies. (simple) (d) Her mother often writes to her, (interrogative) (e) She feels, that her mother is better than ail other mothers in the world. (superlative) 7. Fill in the blanks with tag questions;- 1×5=5 (a) Everybody is liable to error, ———–? (b) Very few students are devoted to studies, ———-? (c) Please, don’t waste your time———–? (d) Let us go out for a walk,———-? (e) Fire burns, ———–? 8. Complete the following sentences. 1×5=5 (a) United we stand, ————-. (b) Rupa talks as if————. (c) Since the body and mind go together,——– (d) Zinia is so tired ————. (e) As I had forgotten her, ———. Part-B : Composition (Marks 60) 9. Suppose, you are Abir Hasan, a reporter of a reputed daily. Recently you have visited a book fair in Dhaka. Now, write a report on it. 10 10. Write a short composition on any one of the following. 15 (a) The Natural Beauties of Bangladesh (b) Population Problem in Bangladesh 11. Write an application to the Upazila Chairman for the repairment of the roads in your locality. 10 12. Write a dialogue between two friends on Environmental Pollution. 10 Or, Write a summary of the following passage. Sincerity is the root of success of all work. One can go a long way if one does anything with sincerity. The rich are sincere to their work and they are capable of making anything a success. The great men are also sincere because they know that sincerity is the key to success. Those who do not follow the rules of sincerity can never go a long way in the world. Sincerity is the secret of any work because it helps the work to be done properly. If any work is not done properly, one will never get good output from it. So we should be sincere in every walk of life. 13. Complete the following story with the cue. 15 Once there was a selfish giant who had a large and beautiful garden. The garden was full of soft green grass. Here and there all over the grass stood many colorful flowers like stars. The garden was a nice playground for the beautiful children

BARISAL BOARD—2013

BARISAL BOARD—2013 Part A : Grammar (40 Marks) [Answer any eight questions out of nine] 1.Complete the passage with suitable verbs from the list. Put them in the correct tenses. Use the negatives where necessary.1×5=5 reflectexperimentGiveassignprovidefindincludebebringstand Hamidur Rahman (a) _____shape to the concept and design of the Shaheed Minar by combining all the aspirations of Bengali identity and nationalism. When he (b) _____to make the design, he was full of enthusiasm focusing on the Language Movement as the central concept. He wanted to find a new expression to convey the aspirations of the people. He (c)_____with basic horizontal and vertical forms to bring out the concept of Bengali solidarity and unity for their national identity. The vertical lines of his design (d) _____the manifestations of inner strength. The four columns on both sides of the central structure (e)_____the balance and harmony of a united stand. 2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.1×5=5 Like many people (a) _____the world, I came to know of Nelson Mandela (b) _____a distance, when he was imprisoned on Robben Island. To so many of us, he was more than just a man— he was a symbol of the struggle (c) _____ justice, equality, and dignity in South Africa and around the globe. His sacrifice was so great that it called (d) _____people everywhere to do what they could (e) _____behalf of human progress. 3. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross(x)where an article is not needed..5×10=5 Galib works in (a) _____nationalized bank in Dhaka, (b) _____capital city of Bangladesh. Being (c) _____sensitive young man and (d) _____ex-student of (e) _____English literature, he takes the job as (f) —— source of pleasure. As (g)-honest officer, he tries to give his best to (h)_____clients. Everyday hundreds of people come to (i) _____bank and Galib happens to come across many of them with (j) _____smiling face. 4. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate linking words from the list below.1×5=5 thatthenthere uponwhichwhileandbut The Caliph marvelled at the grace and radiance of the young girls, (a)_____was astonished to see (b) _____ each of the dervishes was blind in the left eye. The girls offered him a cup of wine, (c) _____he excused himself saying, “I am setting forth on a pilgrimage to Makkah shortly.” (d) _____one of the girls put down before him a small table, on (e) _____she placed a cup of Chinese porcelain. The Caliph kept on seeing all these wonderful things done by the girls. 5. Make meaningful sentences with the following idioms and phrases (any five). 1×5=5 swan song; apple of discord; blue blood; once in a blue moon; all on a sudden; learn by heart; of ones own accord. 6. Rewrite the following in the reported speech.5 “Take the fan”, said Edna, offering a fan to him. “Oh, no! Thank you. It does no good. You have to stop fanning some time, and feel all the more uncomfortable afterward.” 7. Form tag questions for the following. 1×5=5 (a) Khalid and Aloka will go to Dhaka, _____? (b) I’m also going. You aren’t going, _____? (c) No. Now I don’t have enough money for this purpose, _____? (d) But if you wish, I’ll lend you some money, _____? (e) It’s your kindness. I’m always grateful to you, ——? 8. Complete the following sentences. 1×5=5 (a) I have spent sometime thinking_____. (b) Wait for me until (c) We shall play provided_____. (d) Let us discuss_____. (e) There are many reasons why students_____. 9. Read the following passage and transform the underlined sentences as directed. 1×5=5 There are many virtues that man should possess. (a) Truthfulness is one of the greatest virtues in a man’s life.(Make it comparative). It indicates the quality of a man. (b) Everybody respects a truthful person.(Make it interrogative) (c) A truthful person may lead a poor life but is honoured everywhere.(Make it simple), (d) A truthful person is not afraid of anybody.(Make it complex), (e) It brings peace in one’s mind.(Make it passive). Part B : Composition (60 Marks) 10. Think you are the local reporter of a national daily newspaper. As a reporter you attended a cultural programme on the Victory Day. Now, write a report for the newspaper. 10 11. Write a short composition on any one of the following. 15 (a) The Utilities and Evils of Internet; (b) Rivers of Bangladesh. 12. Write an application to the principal of your college to provide sound system for large classrooms.10 13. Complete the given story following the cue. 15 There was a young shepherd in a village near a forest. He used to graze a flock of goat on the pasture by the forest. The grassland was not far from the village. One day, an evil thought came to his mind and he wanted to make fun of…………….. 14. Write a dialogue between two friends about the win of Bangladesh against the West Indies in a One Day International Cricket Match.10

SYLHET BOARD—2013

SYLHET BOARD—2013 Part A : Grammar(40Marks) [Answer any eight questions out of nine] 1.Complete the following passage with suitable verbs from the list. Put them in correct tense. Use negatives where necessary.1×5=5 adopt come rise pay do achieve try Honesty is a great virtue. An honest man is liked and trusted by all. The ignorant man adopts unfair means with a view to (a) _____their objectives. In every walk of life, honesty (b) _____most. An honest man may be poor, but he (c) _____to become rich by (d) _____dishonest means. His rise in life may be slow, but he (e) _____very high in the long run. 2.Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.1×5=5 Population growth is one (a) _____the causes (b) _____the world’s environmental problems. Although the growth rate (c) _____the world’s population has slowed slightly since 1990, still it increases (d) _____77million human beings each year. (e) _____the increasing number of people, destruction of habitats and the use of additional natural resources are gradually increasing. 3.Use articles where necessary. Put a cross(x)mark where an article is not needed. .5×10=5 A library is (a) —— part and parcel of (b) _____educational institution. It is (c) _____unique place where books of different subjects are kept for (d) _____reading. It enables (e) _____readers to read books of their choice that creates (f) _____enthusiasm for learning. Students should pay (g) _____visit to (h) _____library regularly. They can borrow books for (i) _____certain period and return them after (j) _____given time. 4.Rewrite the following in the reported speech.5 Rahim said to Hamid, “How are you? I went to your hostel yesterday, but did not find you. Where did you go?” “I went to the station,” said Hamid, “I had to receive my maternal uncle there. 5.Make meaningful sentences with the following idioms (any five).1×5=5 take one to task, slow coach, rainy day, off and on, open secret, on behalf of, bread and butter. 6.Read the following passage and transform as directed.1×5=5 (a) Everybody lives in society.(Negative) (b) We should not disturb social order.(Affirmative). (c) If we maintain it. we shall be able to lead a peaceful life.(Simple) (d) Who does not like peace?(Assertive) (e) It is so much required(Active). 7.Fill in the blanks with suitable linking words.1×5=5 Man is the architect of his own fortune, (a)____he makes a proper division of his time (b) ____ does his duties accordingly, he is sure to prosper in life, (c) ____if he does otherwise, he is sure to repent (d) ____it is too late. To kill time is (e) ____to commit suicide. 8.Fill in the blanks with tag questions.1×5=5 (a) Every mother loves her child_____? (b) We should love our country_____? (c) Fortune favours the brave_____? (d) Nobody dislikes flowers ——? (e) Don’t waste time_____? 9.Complete the following sentences.1×5=5 (a) He is tall enough_____. (b) Saturday is the day when_____. (c) It is time for you_____. (d) I would rather suffer ——. (e) Scarcely had I reached the college ——. Part B : Composition(60Marks) 10. Suppose, you are a reporter of the Daily Independent. Now, write a report on the ‘Rapid Spread of Drug Addiction’ among the young people of our country.10 11.Write a short composition on any one of the following.15 (a) Unemployment Problem; (b) Natural Calamities in Bangladesh; (c) Uses and Abuses of Satellite Channels. 12.Write a dialogue between two friends about the Dangers of Smoking.10 13.Write an application to the principal of your college for the permission of establishing a debating club.10 14.Complete the following story using the cue.15 Once a lion was sleeping in a forest. Suddenly a mouse came there. It did not notice the sleeping lion. It was running about and playing happily. By chance it ran over the face of the lion. It awoke the lion. At this the lion grew very angry

COMILLA BOARD—2013

COMILLA BOARD—2013 Part A : Grammar (40 Marks) [Answer any eight questions out of nine] 1. Complete the following passage with suitable verbs from the list. Put them in the correct tense. Usenegatives where necessary. 1×5=5 Cutanswerwritesecureexpecthelpbe Students (a)_____to be precise and accurate while (b)_____the questions in the examination. But the real scenario is different. Most of the students (c) —— their examination paper fairly as they cannot understand the questions properly. As a result, they (d)_____a very sorry figure in the examination. If they were correct in their answers, they certainly (e)_____good marks in the examination. 2. Read the following letter and fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions. 1×5=5 Dear Adita, So far I know, you do not want (a)_____study any more. What’s wrong (b)_____you? You should know that no one can be great (c)_____taking education. Only (d)_____taking education you will be well established. Therefore, you should not deprive yourself (e)_____education. Yours ever, Rivu 3. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed. .5×10=5 (a)_____morning walk is (b)-good habit for all classes of (c)_____people. It is (d)_____simple exercise and good for health and (e)_____mentality. In the morning, (f)_____air is fresh and free from any kind of noise and pollution. This pure (g)_____environment makes (h)_____effect on (i)_____nature in (j)_____morning. 4. Fill in the blanks with suitable linking words from the list. 1×5=5 only throughhighlybesideswhymainlybecauseonly The greatness of a book depends (a)-on the acceptability among the readers. If we read a book (b) -once, we can discover many things in it. But basing on one reading, we cannot judge the standard of a book. When a book is praised (c)-, we have no doubt about the greatness of the book, (d)– the first reading we may not understand a book but if it is read more than once, we will see (e)-it was read and praised. So, the great books are those that have passed the test of time. 5. Make meaningful sentences with the following phrases and idioms (any five). 1×5=5 at stake; beyond one’s means; come round; big guns; beyond doubt; null and void; take after. 6. Rewrite the following passage in the reported speech. 1×5=5 “My sons,” said he, “A great treasure lies hidden in the estate. I am about to leave you.” “Where is it hidden?” said the sons. “I am about to tell you.” said the old man. “But you must dig for it.” 7. Read the following passage and transform the underlined sentences as directed in brackets. 1×5=5 (a) A true friend is an asset.(Complex) (b) He helps his friend when he is in danger.(Simple), (c) He does not leave his friend.(Affirmative), (d) A true friend is hardly found.(Active), (e) He is as good as an honest man.(Comparative). 8. Fill in the blanks with tag questions. 1×5=5 (a) Let us have a picnic, _____? (b) I do not feel fine today, ——? (c) Let me be alone, ——? (d) I shall enjoy your company another day, ——? (e) Please, excuse me for today, _____? 9.Complete the following sentences.1×5=5 (a) Hardly had he reached the station_____. (b) He speaks as if_____. (c) I went to Dhaka with a view to_____. (d) He walked carefully lest_____. (e) We wish_____. Part B : Composition(60Marks) 10.Write a paragraph on ‘Your Favourite Teacher’ by answering the questions below.10 (a) Who is your favourite teacher? (b) Why is he favourite to you? (c) What differences do you find between your favourite teacher and others? (d) How does he influence his students in his class? (e) Do you desire to be a teacher like him? Why? 11. Write a short composition on “The Rivers of Bangladesh”. Or, “The Day You Remember Most”. 15 12. Write an application to the principal of your college for a transfer certificate. 10 13. Write a dialogue between two friends about the importance of learning English. 10 14.Complete the following story with the cue.15 There was an old farmer. He had four sons. They were all grown up. But they had no good relation with one another. They were disobedient and always quarrelled

JB Question 2013

JESSORE BOARD—2013 Part A : Grammar (40 Marks) [Answer any eight of the following questions] 1.Complete the following passage with suitable verbs from the list. Put them in correct tense. Use the negatives where necessary.1×5=5 Stopbecondemncallgettell Once upon a time there (a) _____a king who was very fond of knowing his future from the astrologers. A famous astrologer happened to (b) _____at his capital on his way to Benares. The king (c) _____on him to know about his future and the astrologer (d) _____him something unpleasant. At this the king got furious and (e) _____him to death. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.1×5=5 Einstein was very simple (a)– his ways of life and indifferent (b) – his astounding fame. Once the Queen of Belgium invited him (c)-Brussels. When he got down (d)-the train at Brussels, he could not think that there were actually many gorgeously dressed officials to receive him (e)-the station. 3.Use articles where necessary. Put a cross(x)where an articleisnot needed. .5×10=5 Adnan is a brilliant student. He is (a) —— asset.Onehe may be (b)-engineer or (c)-doctor. He makes (d)-best use of his time He makes a proper division of his time and does his duties accordingly. He knows that youth is (e) –golden period of (f)-life. He has (g)-aim in life. He knows that life without (h)-aim is like (i)-ship without (j)-rudder. 4. Fill in the blanks with suitable linking words from the list. 1×5=5 beforeor by means of when unless therefore and We communicate our thoughts to others (a) _____speech or writing, (b) _____beginning to speak (c) _____write, (d) _____, we should be sure about what is in our mind. We cannot expect to make others understand our meaning (e) _____ourselves. We are quite clear about it. 5. Make meaningful sentences with the following idioms (any five).1×5=5 on the sly, Pandora’s box; suitable for; in a nutshell; fast life; bid adieu; hard up. 6. Rewrite the following passage in the reported speech.1×5=5 The teacher said to the boy, “Do you think that honest}’ is the best policy?” The boy said, “Yes, sir, I think so.” “Then learn to be honest from your boyhood.” said the teacher. “Thank you, sir.” said the boy. “May Allah grant you a long life.” said the teacher to the boy. 7. Read the following passage and transform the underlined sentences as directed.1×5=5 (a) The old sailor shot the Albatross(Passive). (b) At this the sailors were very angry with him.(Negative) (c) Their throats were dry and they could not speak(Complex). (d) Since the old sailor killed the bird, he brought bad luck to the sailors(Simple). (e) It was a very unlucky day(Exclamatory). 8. Fill in the blanks with tag questions. 1×5=5 (a) None of them knew the answer, _____? (b) You should not tell a lie, _____? (c) Teachers teach, _____? (d) I am writing to my mother, _____? (e) Blind men cannot read, _____? 9.Complete the following sentences.1×5=5 (a) I am so tired that _____. (b) It is high time we-the place. (c) Though it was quite dark ——. (d) He learns much so that_____. (e) If the weather is good_____. Part B : Composition (60 Marks) 10. Suppose, you are a reporter of the Daily Ittefaq. Now, write a report on the role of The Satellite Channels in our present society. 10 11. Write a short composition on ‘Greenhouse Effect’ Or, The Day You Remember Most 15 12. Write an application to the principal of your college for the establishment of a debating club. 10 13. Write a dialogue between two friends about the dangers of smoking. 10 14. Complete the following story using the cue. 15 Once in a village there lived two friends. They were very close. One day they were walking through a forest. They

DINAJPUR BOARD—2013

DINAJPUR BOARD—2013 Part A : Grammar (40 Marks) [Answer any eight questions out of nine] 1. Complete the passage with suitable verbs from the list. Put them in the correct tenses. Use the negatives where necessary.1×5=5 dareDesireattainbemayshouldassist Everyone (a) _____ success in life but very few can (b) _____it. One of the main reasons for this failure is that many people (c) _____take risks. We must remember that life (d)_____ not a bed of roses. It is full of troubles and problems. We (e) _____ face them with courage. 2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.1×5=5 Education is not confined (a) _____schools, colleges and universities only. The family, society and the whole world (b) —— large educate us. What we learn (c) —— experience in our practical life is no less important than what we learn from our educational institutions formally. Education begins (d) —— birth and ends only at death. We continue to learn (e) —— our whole life. 3. Use articles where necessary. Put a cross(x)where an article is not needed..5×10=5 At present, Bangladesh faces (a) —— number of (b) —— problems. Of all these problems (c) —— population problem is (d) _____ most acute one. Population is undoubtedly (e) _____great asset to (f) _____country. But when (g) _____country fails to feed and provide them with (h) _____bare necessities of life, they become (i) _____burden. Similar is (j) _____case with Bangladesh. 4. Make meaningful sentences with the following idioms and phrases (any five).1×5=5 keep body and soul together, at stake, black sheep, of one’s own accord, at all, learn by heart, hue and cry. 5.Rewrite the following in the reported speech.5 He said, “I can chop some wood today.” I said, “But I have a boy coming from the orphanage.” “I’m the boy.” “You? But you’re small,” “Size doesn’t matter chopping wood,” he said. 6. Read the following passage and transform the underlined sentences as directed.1×5=5 (a) Jim and Delia sacrificed their dearest possessions in order to buy nice Christmas presents for each other. (Make it compound) (b) Delia had an ardent desire to give her husband a worthy gift. (Make it complex) (c) Jim also thought how he could give his wife a nice gift. (Make it simple) (d) Delia saved a scanty amount of money for this. (Make it passive) (e) Jim was one of the sincerest husbands that we have ever known. (Make it positive) 7.Fill in the blanks with tag questions.1×5=5 (a) Let’s have a walk in the open air,_____? (b) I’m in the habit of walking in the morning, _____? (c) Morning entertains everybody with fresh air,_____? (d) None should miss this opportunity, _____? (e) Try to form the habit of rising early in the morning, _____? 8.Complete the following sentences.1×5=5 (a) Nobody can succeed in life without_____. (b) The boy is strong enough_____. (c) Scarcely had the teacher completed the lecture_____. (d) Five years have passed since_____. (e) He acted as if_____. 9.Fill in the blanks with suitable linking words from the list.1×5=5 otherwise although but however accordingly which so Every citizen has some duties and responsibilities for his country and nation (a) _____most of the people are indifferent to these. We have achieved our freedom and national identity at the cost of a tremendous sacrifice (b) _____is still evaluated nationally, (c) —— some unpatriotic people seem to be forgetful of our national history, (d) _____we all should render selfless service for society. (e) _____, we will be hated by our future generations. Part B : Composition (60 Marks) 10.Suppose, you are a reporter of a daily newspaper, and you have been asked to make a report on traffic jam. Write a report on it.10 11.Write a short composition on any one of the following.15 (a) Deforestation; (b) Television; (c) Students and Social Service. 12. Make a dialogue between you and your elder brother about your future course of studies.10 13.Write an application to the Principal of your college seeking permission to stage a drama in the college auditorium.10 14. Complete the story with the following cue.15 Once a dove was sitting on a tree. It was “singing in a melodious voice. A hunter aimed at it. In the meantime an ant came

RAJSHAHI BOARD 2013

RAJSHAHI BOARD—2013 Part A : Grammar (40 Marks) [Answer any eight questions out of nine] 1. Complete the passage with suitable verbs from the list. Put them in the correct tenses. Use thenegatives where necessary. 1×5=5 standexperienceSeemlookappearsitenjoy Once I (a) _____a full moonlit night. I came out of my reading room and sat on the lawn. To me nature (b) _____in her magic beauty. Her objects (c) _____to flash with heavenly radiance. I found a kind of harmony between the world and the heaven. People (d) _____in the yard and (e) _____themselves gossiping. 2. Read the following letter and fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions. 1×5=5 Dear Sumon, I’m going to tell you (a) _____the proper use of holidays. They give us relief (b) _____ heavy pressure of regular work or normal duties. They help us get rid (c) _____the din and bustle of life. We know that to work (d) _____pause is tiresome. So, holidays are essential (e) _____our life. 3. Use articles in the following passage where necessary. Put a cross (x) where an article is not needed. .5×10=5 Mosquito menace is one of (a) _____most talked topics, (b) _____fear and nuisance of mosquito is called (c) _____mosquito menace. For (d) _____city dwellers it is (e) _____constant nuisance. Particularly at (f) _____night, it becomes more when thousands of mosquitoes start singing around (g) —— us. Even during daytimes, we are not free from (h) _____attack of mosquitoes. To prevent (i) _____nuisance caused by mosquitoes, we have to be alert and work in (j) _____assorted efforts. 4. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate linking words from thelistbelow. 1×5=5 whowhenwhilebecauseOrthoughthat (a) _____taking food, we should bear in mind (b)_____ we do not eat just to satisfy hunger (c) —— to fill the belly. We eat to preserve our health. Some people (d) _____live in the midst of plenty, do not eat the food they need for good health (e) _____they have no knowledge of the science of health and nutrition. 5. Make the meaningful sentences with the following idioms and phrases (any five). 1×5=5 of one’s own accord; as far as; for the sake of; look forward to; at the sight of; beggar description; in the long run. 6. Rewrite the following in the reported speech. 5 The writer said to Jerry, “Your roller-skates look very nice. Who has bought them for you?” “My mother.” “Is she alive?” “Yes, she lives in Mannville”. 7. Read the followingpassage and transform the underlined sentences as directed in the brackets.1×5=5 (a) Cricket is a very exciting game(Exclamatory). (b) People of all ages enjoy this game(Passive). (c) At present cricket is the most popular game in our country (Positive). (d) Bangladesh is one of the weakest TestPlaying Countries (Comparative). So, most of the people do not like watching test cricket. (e) They are fond of watching “Twenty-twenty cricket(Interrogative). 8.Form tag questions for the following.1×5=5 (a) Time and tide wait for none,_____? (b) Health is wealth, _____? (c) An unhealthy man cannot prosper in life,——? (d) Everybody dislikes him, _____? (e) They feel her absence, _____? 9.Complete the following sentences.1×5=5 (a) The old man was too weak to-. (b) No sooner had we reached the station–. (c) You will not prosper unless-. (d) He is not only intelligent-. (e) It was long since-. Part B : Composition(60Marks) 10.Write a paragraph on “Environmental Pollution” by answering the questions below.10 (a) What is environment? (b) Why is our environment being polluted? (c) What are the effects of polluted environment? (d) What are the measures to be taken to save environment from pollution? (e) What is your opinion about pollution-free environment? 11. Write a short composition that tells about ‘your first day at college’. 15 12. Write a dialogue between a customer and a salesman in a shoe shop. 10 13. Write a letter to your friend telling him about a natural sight that you have enjoyed very recently. 10 14.Complete the story following the cue.15 Once a dog stole a piece of meat from a shop. Holding it in his mouth, he was running beside a stream. When the dog was crossing a bridge over the stream, it discovered an image in the water

ENGLISH SECOND PAPER DB 2013

ENGLISH SECOND PAPER DHAKA BOARD—2013 PartA: Grammar (40 Marks) 1Complete the passage with suitable verbs from the list. Put them in the correct tense. Use the negatives where necessary. 1×5=5 provideleaveturnbecutstopprevent Trees (a)_____useful to us in many ways. They (b) _____us with food, fruit, shade and shelter. They prevent a region from (c) _____into a desert. But it is a pity that the people of our country (d)_____trees indiscriminately. It is high time we (e) _____such an act of human cruelty towards trees. 2.Read the following letter and fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions. 1×5=5 Dear Helal, Yesterday I was informed (a) _____your bad habit. You are addicted (b) _____smoking! This piece of information has upset me very much. You should bear in mind that smoking is very harmful and it tells (c) _____health. So, you should abstain (d) _____smoking. You should not indulge (e) _____any bad habit. Your loving elder brother Habib 3.Use articles where necessary. Put a cross(x)mark where an article is not needed. .5×10=5 Though newspaper is not always (a) _____unmixed blessing, it is (b)_____most useful thing in our life. We rarely think of (c) _____day without reading (d) —— newspaper. Reading newspaper is one of (e) _____good habits of a man. We shall be like (f) _____frog in a dark well if we neglect developing this habit. However, some people prefer (g) _____electronic media to reading (h)-newspaper. But (i) _____newspaper offers more to its readers than (j) _____electronic media. 4. Make meaningful sentences with the following idioms (any five). 1×5=5 keep pace with, win over, accountable to, read between the lines, skim through, Achilles’ heel, slow coach. 5.Rewrite the following passage in the reported speech.5 The teacher said to the boy, “Do you think that honesty is the best policy?” The boy said, “Yes, sir, I think so.” “Then, learn to be honest from your boyhood,” said the teacher. “Thank you, sir,” said the boy. “May Allah grant you a long life,” said the teacher to the boy. 6. Read the following passage and transform the underlined sentences as directed. 1×5=5 Success will not come to one’s life automatically. (a) Do you know it?(Passive). (b) Anindustrious boy will shine in life(Complex). (c) A life with an assignment is an actual life(Negative). (d) None can receive any reward unless he works hard.(Simple) (e) It is evident that industry is one of the greatest virtues(Positive). 7.Fill in the blanks with tag questions. 1×5=5 (a) A student should read the texts again and again, —? (b) Nobody pays due respect to a dishonest man,——? (c) “I” is a pronoun, _____? (d) Thousands of people admired Rumi in his life time, _____? (e) Deeba as well as her friends enjoyed the short film, _____? 8.Complete the following sentences. 1×5=5 (a) Read attentively or ——. (b) Had I been there _____? (c) There goes the proverb that ——. (d) It was long since _____. (e) Do what _____. Part B : Composition (60 Marks) 9. Suppose, you are a reporter of a national daily. You are assigned to cover a massive fire in a factory. Now, write a report on it.10 10.Write a composition on any one of the following.15 (a) Patriotism; (b) Duties and Responsibilities of Students. 11.Write an application to the Principal of your college requesting him to change one of your elective subjects.10 12.Write a dialogue between you and your friend about admission into a university.10 Or, Write a summary of the following passage. A mother exercises an undeniable influence in the formation of children’s character and in shaping their life. The thing that they learn at home takes a firm root in them. And it goes without saying that this learning they get mostly from their mother as they live under her direct supervision and constant care. If a mother fails to bring up her children properly, the mother is held responsible for their failure, not the child. If all the children become great, all the credit goes to the mothers. From this point of view, an educated mother is an asset and it is necessary to educate women folk. 13.Complete the following story with the cue.15 There lived a cobbler in a village. He used to maintain his family with his earning. He was satisfied with what he got. He had a lot of happiness in his mind. One of his neighbours was a banker

S.S.C english 1st and 2nd paper suggestion

SSC Suggestion -2015
English 2nd Paper Grammar:

All Board: 2007 -2013 Paragraph (1st & 2nd Paper)
1.A farmer/fisherman/street hawker/Day labour 2.A school library 3.A tea stall 4.A Rail way station/ buss - stand 5.A rainy day 6.Your national flag 7.A book fair 8.An accident 9.A winter morning 10.Deforestation Composition (1st & 2nd Paper)1.The population problem of Bangladesh 2.Duties of students 3.The Computer 4.The game you like most 5.News paper 6.Your favourite hobby 7.The season you like most Application writing1. Prayer for setting up an English language club / debating club/canteen. 2. Prayer for increasing library facilities / common room facilities. 3. Prayer for transfer certificate / testimonial / seat in the school hostel/Admission in his school. 4. Prayer for sinking a deep tube-well/ relief and medical aid for the flood affected people / repairing the damaged road/Constructing a bridge over the cannel 5. Job Application (Post of an English teacher) Completing Story1.There lived a farmer in a village. He had a wonderful goose. The goose laid an egg of gold every day. The farmer was very greedy. He thought that....................................... 2.Once a lion was sleeping in a forest. Suddenly a mouse came there. It did not notice the sleeping lion. It was running about and playing happily. By chance......................................... 3.Once some mice were having good time............... The owner of the house brought a cat................ All the mice sat together in a conference..................... (Who'll Bell the Cat) 4.Bayazid was a small boy. His mother was ill. One day he was studying by the side of the bed of his ailing mother........................ (Bayazid's love for his mother) 5.A farmer had three sons............ He called his sons....... Farmer asked them to break it. Untie the bundle .........They broke them.................... Nobody can harm you. (Unity is Strength) 6.It was a summer day and a crow became very thirsty...................................... 7.Mr. Ahmed has just completed his graduation. He has not got any job yet. Some of his friends serve in Dhaka. So, he came to Dhaka with a hope that his friends would help him...... (Cruel Fate) Dialogue:1. Write a dialogue between you & your friend about the preparation for the SSC/ ensuing exam.*** 2. Write a dialogue between you & your friend about the necessity of reading newspaper. 3. Write a dialogue between you & a doctor on your suffering from fever/ physical problem. 4. Write a dialogue between you & your friend on advantage & disadvantage of village and city life. 5. Write a dialogue between you & your friend on effects & remedies of air pollution/Environment pollution. 6. Write a dialogue between you & your friend about the merits and demerits of mobile phone. 7. Write a dialogue between you & your friend about how to learn English. Summary:ﾢCOMILLA BOARD: 07, 08, 12 ﾢRAJSHAI BOARD : 09, 10 ﾢDINAJPUR BOARD: 09, 12 ﾢJESSORE BOARD: 07, 09, 11 ﾢCHITTAGONG BOARD: 07, 08, 09 ﾢSYLHET BOARD: 08, 10 ﾢBARISAL BOARD: 07, 08, 09, 10 SSC Suggesstion-2014 English 1stPaper Passage: 1.Neil A Armstrong 2.It was world war II 3.In accordance with declaration (International women’s Day) 4.Feroza ( childhood and survival) 5.The first things that gives a women 6.The statue of liberty 7.The Shat Gambuj Masjid 8.The UNESCO*** 9.The blue and white 10.May Day 11.Strategy 12.Tazneen Karim Letter: 1.Write a letter to your friend thanking him for his hospitality.*** 2.Write a letter to your pen friend describing the food habits of the people of Bangladesh.*** 3.Write a letter to your friend about a picnic in a historical interest.*** 4.Write a letter to your friend how to improve English.*** 5.Write a letter to your friend how to adjust with new place and new food. 6.Write a letter to your friend about your preparation for the ensuing/SSC exam. 7.Write a letter to your friend consoling him on his farther death. Vocabulary Test Fill in the gaps with clue(9) D:B: 11, 09, 08, 07, 04, 05 R:B: 10, 09, 08, 06, 04, 05 S:B: 11, 10, 08, 07, 06, 05 C:B: 10, 09, 08, 07, 06, 05, 04 J:B 10, 08, 07, 06, 04 Ctg: B: 11, 10, 09 B:B: 10, 09, 08, 04, 05 Dnj:B: 12, 11, 10 Fill in the gaps with clue(10) D:B: 09, 07, 06, 04 R:B: 10, 07, 06, 05 S:B: 11, 10, 06 C:B: 09, 08, 07, 06 J:B 08, 07, 04 Ctg: B: 09, 08, 07, 06 B:B: 10, 09 Dnj:B: 11 Substitution Table(11) D:B: 06, 08, 07, 04 R:B: 11, 10, 08, 07 S:B: 10, 08, 07 C:B: 08, 06 J:B 11, 10, 06 Ctg: B: 11, 10, 09 B:B: 10, 07 Dnj:B: 10 Re-arrange(12) D:B: 06, 04 R:B: 11, 06, 08, 07, 05 S:B: 11, 10, 08, 07, 06 C:B: 11, 10, 07 J:B 11, 06 Ctg: B: 10, 08, 06 B:B: 09, 08, 07 Dnj:B: 11, 09

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If smoking continues, the death toll will rise to eight million by 2030. Considering the bad effect of smoking, Bangladesh government has signed an agreement with WHO in 2004 to control tobacco. Now smoking is illegal in public places such as bus-stand, rail station, and in any kind of other public transports. Although smoking causes premature death by creating health hazards like stroke, lung cancer, and heart diseases, many people in Bangladesh smoke regularly. Low and middle-income people are more inclined to smoking worldwide and they cover 80% of the total smokers. For better health, it is wise to give up smoking. One’s firm decision is enough to refrain themselves from smoking. (Total words: 145) Answer : Smoking kills about five million people worldwide annually. The figure may rise to eight million by 2030 if the present rate of smoking continues. Low and middle income people are the highest tobacco consumers. Smokers suffer different kinds of diseases. However, Bangladesh has signed a tobaccocontrol agreement with WHO and banned smoking in public places. (64 words) 7. Rearrange the following sentences in correct order. 10 (a) On a fixed day, the mice met in a meeting to find a way out. (b) A young mouse submitted a proposal. (c) Finally the mice migrated to another barn finding no other way. (d) There lived some mice in a farmer’s barn happily. (e) Different mice gave different opinions but all of them were unacceptable. (f) The farmer was in a trouble with the mice and brought a cat in order to get rid of them. (g) Hearing the question, all began to look at one another in frustration. (h) He proposed to tie a bell around the neck of the cat. (i) As a result, the mice were in danger to come out of their holes. (j) An old mouse accepted the proposal and asked, “But who will bell the cat?”. Answer : d, f, i, a, e, b, c, h, j, g. 8. Fill in the gaps using clues from the boxes. There are more words than necessary. 0.5x10 = 05 inexpensive globe a foods called expensive studying found healthy they on an Research around the world points to ……………….. recipe for well-being. Eat simple ……………….., not elite treats. Nutritionists have been ……………….. international super foodsdishes from around the ……………….. that may hold the key to ……………….. eating. In many countries, they have ……………….., the healthiest diet is the simple, ……………….. diet that people give up as ……………….. move into prosperity. This diet often ……………….. the “peasant diet”. It’s usually based ……………….. grains, fruits and vegetables, and small amounts of meat, fish, or eggs. Answer: Research around the world points to a recipe for well-being. Eat simple foods not elite treats. Nutritionists have been studying international super foods-dishes from around the globe that may hold the key to healthy eating. In many countries, they have found the healthiest diet is the simple, inexpensive diet that people give up as they move into prosperity. This diet is called the “peasant diet”. It’s usually based on grains, fruits and vegetables, and small amounts of meat, fish, or eggs. (text taken from Wegman B and Prijic M, 1997) 9. The phrases in column A are the beginnings of some sentences. The phrases in Column B are the endings. Match the phrases in column A with the phrases in column B to make complete sentences. 1X5=5 Column A Column B i. In last December Mintu a. waited for an hour for the boarding pass ii. He went there b. with his parents iii. In the airport, they c. went to Kathmandu by air iv. On hearing the announcement, they d. and fastened their seat-belt before the took-off v. They sat on the same row e. boarded on the plane Answers: i + c. In last December Mintu went to Kathmandu by air. ii + b. He went there with his parents. iii+a. In the airport, they waited for an hour for the bording pass. iv+e. On hearing the announcement, they boarded on the plane. v+d. They sat on the same row and fastened their seat-belt before the took-off. Section B (Writing) 10. Suppose you are Abonti and your friend is Jenny. Make a dialogue in 100 words between you and your friend about your preparation for the JSC examination. 10 Answer will vary here. 11. Write a paragraph on ‘Our National Flag’ in about 150 words answering the following questions 10 a) What is a National Flag? b) How have we got the national Flag? c) What is its width and breadth? d) How many colours are there and what do they symbolize? e) When do we use a national flag? f) How can we protect and uphold the honour of our National Flag? Answer will vary here. 12. Read the beginning of a story. Now, complete it in 150 words. 10 It was Habib’s first journey by train. He was going to his maternal uncle’s house to spend the summer vacation. After some time the train started to run. The ticket checker approached and told him that he was in a wrong train. Answer will vary here. 13. Suppose you have recently visited a new place with some of your friends or family members. Now write a letter to one of your friend

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We hope that we will get full-fledged access to the Internet, an international computer network, to make our Bangladesh a developed and prosperous country. Internet Internet is a computerized network of information. It is the greatest invention in the communication system. It is the worldwide network of computer. Its uses and functions are smooth, easy and rapid. A students who knows just the keys of computer, can communicate anywhere he wishes. Internet communication is now the latest communication in the world. A computer and a telephone connection are required to get an Internet connection. There are two types of Internet such as Dial up and Broad Band. Internet has great usefulness. To get appropriate information a person has to communicate in the appropriate address. One can also go to a search engine like Yahoo, Goggle for finding particular page or a piece of information. A search engine is a system through which you can search for information on Web pages containing that information. By using Internet students can go through several books from the libraries without going there. They can seek information regarding admission to different foreign universities. But it is a matter to sorrow that many people of Bangladesh do not have still access to Internet because it is still costly and not easily available. Eve-tesing We boast to be civilised. But do the recent eve-teasing incidents prove us to be that? Recently a number of girls have been the victims of eve-teasing in Bangladesh. The unhappy and helpless girls are forced to commit suicide in a bid to end the mental pangs. They suffer as a result of perverts’ verbal and behavioral abuses. Now the question arises what goes on in the mind of eve-teasers and why do they eve-tease? If we can get their psychology, it will help us in devising preventive measures. This kind of psychology is not accidental. It is made systematically through the socio-cultural machinery that we have. The vulgar sides of the dish culture and websites badly influence the young minds. Again our socio-economic imbalance is another cause for the birth of these eve-teasers. Therefore we have to take both psychological and social treatment for solving this problem. We have to mend up the society by infusing more civilised norms, preaching through education and collective exercise in practical life. Poverty should be eradicated from society and wealth gap among the citizens has to be minimised. There is no harm in making society open but it has to be protected with strict legislation. Strong awareness must be created among people against eve-teasers, so no eve-teasers get the chance to raise their head. E-mail Electronic mail, commonly called email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages across the internet or other computer networks. It is user- to- user via the computer. E-mail is delivered to individual electronic mail boxes based on computers. In order to operate an e-mail system we need a personal computer, a modem and a telephone connection. An important advantage of e-mail is that it reduces the using of paper in the office. Internal memos and reports can be exchanged electronically without using paper. Being a computer- based messaging system; files prepared on computers can be instantly copied and easily exchanged as e-mail. Being a person- to- person communication, e-mail has become a cheaper alternative to telephone conversation and saves the time spent in establishing telephone calls. E-mail permits communication between two parties without the parties actually being present simultaneously. Privacy is ensured as the mail is delivered to an individual’s mail box which can be accessed or opened only by the intended recipient. E-mail has brought about a revolution in modern communication. Messages can be transmitted from one country to another within seconds. It is far cheaper than telephone calls. Trade and commerce has become greatly dependent on this speedy mode of communication. It has, however, not reached every one especially in developing countries like ours, as most people cannot afford to have a personal computer.

Important paragraph for all

Facebook Facebook is a social networking website intended to connect friends, family, and business associates. It is the largest of the networking sites, with the runner up being My Space.It began as a college networking website and has expanded to include anyone and everyone. Face book was founded by 2004 by Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg and originally called the facebook. It was quickly successful on campus and expanded beyond Harvard into other Ivy League schools. At that time, it was only available to schools, universities, organizations, and companies within English speaking countries, but has since expanded to include anyone. Facebook users create a profile page that shows their friends and networks information about themselves. The choice to include a profile in a network means that everyone within that network can view the profile. The profile typically includes the following: Information, Status, Friends, and Friends in Other Networks, Photos, Notes, Groups, and The Wall. Users are able to search for friends and acquaintances by e-mail address, school, university, or just by typing in a name or location for search. When people become friends, they are able to see all of each others' profiles including contact information. E-mail notifications let users know when new friends have chosen to add them to their list or when someone has sent a message to them within the system. A popular feature on Face book is the ability to share photographs uploaded from a phone, camera, or hard drive. As with other private information, users have the option to allow only friends to see their pictures or anyone. There is an unlimited amount of storage available, which is a major advantage of Face book’s photograph sharing capabilities. Digital Bangladesh Digital Bangladesh is a wonderful vision that is dreamt by the government and the literate class for the technological development of Bangladesh. Digitalization has become a buzzword in the new era of information technology. We can now learn in an instant what is happening in the furthest corner of the world. The electronic transfer of information via the internet has created an interconnected world of information. Bangladesh is going to observe digital year in 2011 to mark the journey to digital Bangladesh. The government has taken up an initiative for setting up Union Information Centres (UIC) in 1000 unions in line with the dream to build Digital Bangladesh by 2021. This programme is a welcome development towards reaching information technology facilities to the doorsteps of rural people. The village people will easily get information about agriculture, health, education, marketing and employment from the UICs. The government has also moved to formulate new laws empowering an authority to set up six hi-tech parks with the aim of establishing foreign investment in the information technology sector.The Supreme Court (SC) is going to be digitalized soon. All cases related to information of the SC will be available in its website. Dhaka Metropolitan Police is also going to install a hi-tech monitoring system in the central control room to make contact with the on-duty police anywhere within the metropolitan area. Digitalization will largely change banking and financial activities. Worldwide money transfer and transaction of business have now become a matter of clicking the mouse of a computer. Some products like software and TV programmes are also amenable to digital transmission. We will be able to buy and sell goods through the electronic screen if we can make a Digital Bangladesh. Undoubtedly, encouraging development towards digitalization of Bangladesh by 2021 can be possible. The ambitious dream for a Digital Bangladesh will remain a dream if the government can not equip the people with the technology needed for establishing the digital era. Internet The information system of the world has become globalized with the magical touch of internet. Like a spider-web the Internet has spread its interconnected link with tens, hundreds or even thousands of computers. And it has enabled them to share information and communication with one another widely, effectively and inexpensively. The Internet has made it possible for people all over the world to bring the information and communication system within their palm. The Internet has brought new opportunities to government, education and business. Governments use the Internet for internal communication, distribution of information and automated tax processing. Bangladesh as a developing country does not have access to the Internet in all spheres. Still internet here has some access to the business world and the banking system. Educational institutions also use the Internet to some extent. Internet here also allows a great variety in digital entertainment. People can enjoy music, movie, gaming, chatting with friends, sharing views and ideas about world affairs just by pressing few keys.

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43.Tea is (a) ___ refreshing drink. The preparation of tea however is a long but (b) ___ interesting process (c) ___ water is first boiled in (d) ___ kettle and (e) ___ desired quantity of (f) ___ tea dust is put in it. After (g) ___ few minutes (h) ____ boiled leaves are separated from (i) ___ liquor. Then the liquor is proud into (j) ___ cup and some milk and sugar are mixed with it. 44.You are (a) ___ student of class ten (b) ___ highest class of the school. To come to this stage you had to undergo a lot of hardship and to make (c) ___ effort. None of you can deny (d) ___ fact of getting help from (e) ___ so many dedicated and friendly teachers. This is however, (f) ___ usual process. What (g) ___ tremendous job (h) ___ teachers shouldered to bring you at this stage. All these have been done to you to help you in becoming (i) ___ unique person, having (j) ___ ability, integrity and heard for your own excellence. 45.People think of (a) ___ poverty, as (b) ___ great evil, and it seems to be (c) ___ accepted belief that, if people had (d) ___ plenty of money, they would be happy and (e) ___ useful and more out of life. As (f) ___ rule there is more genuine satisfaction in life and more obtained from life in (g) ___ humble cottage of (h) ___ poor men that in (i) ___ palaces of (j) ___ rich. 46.(a) ___ Bangladesh is (b) ___ land of six seasons. Off all (c) ___ seasons I like the spring most. It is called (d) ___ queen of seasons. It comprises (e) ___ Bengali moths of (f) ___ Falgun and Chaitra. After (g) ___ end of (h) ___ winter it comes with (i) ___ all its beauty and (j) ___ charms. 47.Everybody knows that sincerity is (a) ___ key to success. (b) ___ person can prosper in life by doing hard work. The men who dies not following (c) ___ rules of sincerity can never go (d) ___ long way in (e) ___ world. Many (f) ___ man is not conscious of (g) ___ importance of (h) ___ sincerity for which they don’t have (i) ___ benefit of (j) ___ success. However, we should be sincere to our work. 48.(a) ___ morning walk is good for all. It is (b) ___ simple exercise and good for health and (c) ___ mentality. In the morning (d) ___ air is fresh and free from any kind of noise and pollution. This pure air (e) ___ makes an active effect on (f) ___ walker’s health and mind, when (g) ___ man enjoys (h) ___ beauties and solemnity of (i) ___ nature in (j) ___ morning. 49.A teacher is (a) ___ noble person in our society. He imparts education and enkindles (b) ___ light of (c) ___ knowledge (d) ___ among student. He is really (e) ___ very important person in any society or country. He is called (f) ___ architect of (g) ___ nation. He dispels (h) ___ darkness of ignorance from (i) ___ mind of the students. He stirs up the spirits of curiosity and (j) ___ creativity among them. 50.Truthfulness is (a) ___ greatest of all (b) ___ virtue which make (c) ___ person really great. If we do not cultivate (d) ___ habit of speaking (e) ___ truth, we cannot command (f) ___ confidence of others. The man whom nobody believes can never be famous in life. It may be that we many succeed once or twice by telling (g) ___ lie, but it never brings about (h) ___ good result. A lie never lies hidden. Today or tomorrow it comes to light. Then (i) ___ real character of (j) ___ lair is revealed and nobody believes him. All hate him and speak ill of him behind his back. 51.It was (a) ____ drak night. A blind man was walking along (b) ____ road with (c) ____ lamp in his hand. Two men laughed at (d) ____ blind man. One said, “What is (e) ____ use of (f) ____ lamp to a blind man?” The other called him (g) ____ fool. The blind man heard this and said, “It’s for those who are (h) ____ careless.” “What (i) ____ surprised,” said (j) ___ others. 52.Maida is___bright student. She is___Honors student. Though she is___ one-eyed girl, she can overcome the obstacles. Now she is reading in___University of Comilla. Everyday she goes To___ University for attending her class. She is___activegirl. She has ___ few friends. She makes the best use of her ___ time. She knows that time is ___ most valuable things. It never comes back. So she never wastes ___ time. 53.Taimur was one of (a) ___ greatest conquerors of the world. Young Taimur once attacked (b) ___ province of a powerful prince. He entered (c) ___ kingdom of (d) ___ prince and captured (e) ___ large village. It was situated far away from (f) ___ capital. When the news reached (g) ___ prince, he came with a large army. The area was surrounded on all (h) ___ sides. (i) ___ Taimur’s soldiers were all killed but Taimur escaped with (j) ___ great difficulty. 54.Akbar (a) ___ great was one of (b) ___ greatest emperors of India who ruled this subcontinent for more than 50 years. He was not only (c) ___ great ruler but also (d) ___ man of wisdom. Among all (e) ___ Mughal rulers he was (f) ___ best. As a result his name has been written in (g) ___ page of history. Though he was (h) ___ uneducated persons, he had (i) ___ ability

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32.Newspaper is (a) ___ people’s parliament. The newspaper plays (b) ___ vital role in modern civilization. It is said to be (c) ___ mirror of the world. We must have the habit of reading (d) ___ newspapers daily. It helps us in acquiring (e) ___ general knowledge which is essential to our education. Nobody can keep (f) ___ contact with (g) ___ outside world without reading newspaper. More (h) ___ bookish knowledge is not sufficient in (i) ___ struggle of life. (j) ___ man who does not read newspaper daily is like a frog in a narrow well. 33.(a) ___ Bengali, the 7thlanguage among (b) ___ important language of (c) ___ world, is our mother tongue. Its present status is not (d) ___ result of (e) ___ efforts of (f) ___ single year or of (g) ___ century. It belongs to an Aryan family, its (h) ___ origin is from (i) ___ branch of (j) ___ Indo- European parents speech. 34.Picnic is a source of pleasure and enjoyment. (a) ___ hours spent in (b) ___ picnic are always exciting. It makes us to forget (c) ___ monotony of (d) ___ everybody life. I am always fond of going on (e) ___ picnic. It is not only enjoyable but also (f) ___ instructive. After (g) ___ Annual Examination, some of my friends proposed to go on a picnic. We then selected (h) ___ spot. It was (i) ___ grassy land. (j) ___ river Meghna was flowing by the side of the area. 35.Population explosion is (a) ___ constant threat to our environment and existence especially in Bangladesh. (b) ___ population is growing at such (c) ___ high rate that (d) ___ environment may soon fail to supply (e) ___ people with their minimum (f) ___ necessities. Unless we take (g) ___ immediate steps to stop this rapid growth of population, our (h) ___ environment will once encounter unpredictable difficulty and (i) ___ danger, consequently, (j) ___ inhabitants may experience destruction. 36.(a) ___ administration must be (b) ___ efficient ruler. He should not be work like (c) ___ idiot or (d) ___ ignorant (e) ___ man. He should not take (f) ___ bird’s eye view of everything. He should not depend on (g) ___ unreliable adviser. He should judge everything on (h) ___ basis of logic. He should be (i) ___ even handed judge. He should work for the welfare of his country and countryman. He should be free form all kinds (j) ___ corruption. 37.(a) ___ ant is (b) ___ industrious insects. No other insect is as industrious as (c) ___ ant. If we open (d) ___ pages of history, we shall see that (e) ___ men who have become great were (f) ___ industrious. (g) ___ industrious are liked by all. On (h) ___ other hand (i) ___ idle are hated by all. So industry is (j) ___ must to prosper in life. 38.English is (a) ___ international language. It is spoken all over (b) ___ world. So the impertinence of (c) ___ English cannot be described in words. All (d) ___ books on higher education are written in English. Today organization needs employees who speak and write (e) ___ standard from of English. It helps (f) ___ educated man to get a good (g) ___ job. It is (h) ___ official or semi-official language all over the world. Ours is (i) ___ age of globalization. We need to learn English to join the advanced world. So English has become (j) ___ essential matter for us. 39.(a) ___ 16thDecember is (b) ___ red letter day in the history of Bangladesh. On this day we achieved victory at (c) ___ cost of (d) ___ body battle. Bangladesh came into being as (e) ___ independent country. It occupied a place in the world (f) ___ map. Every year we observed (g) ___ day with due solemnity. We remember (h) ___ supreme sacrificed of our heroic sons. The day is (i) ___ public holiday. The day beings with gunshot. The national flag is hoisted on (j) ___ top of the each house. 40.Muhammad Yunus was born in (a) ___Chittagong(b) ___ business center of easternBangladesh. He was (c) __ third of 14 children of his parents. He was awarded (d) ___ full bright scholarship and received his (e) ___ Ph.D. from (f) ___USA. He is (g) ___ founder and Managing Director of (h) ___ Grammen Bank. In 1997 he organized (i) ___ world’s first Micro Credit Summit in (j) ___Washington,DC. 41.Computer is (a) ___ invention of (b) ___ modern science. It is (c) ___ man made machine and works according to (d) ___ instructions given to it. It was Pascal who invented (e) ___ theory of calculation. There are five components in (f) ___ computer. In (g) ___ modern world computer renders great service to (h) ___ civilized world. It has lessened our work load to (i) ___ great extent. In fact, computer is doing a great job by substuting (j) ___ human brain. 42.(a) ___ story is (b) ___ form of composition. Actually, it is (c) ___ interesting form of literary composition. This type of (d) ___ composition is written on (e) ___ basis of ordinary aspects of life and (f) ___ experience. (g) ___ story gives interest and enjoyment to its reader. It can interest (h) ___ reader more than (i) ___ other types of composition we have dealt within (j) ___ other units.

Article practicing

articles exercise Exercise (B) Use articles where necessary. Put a cross (×) where an article is not needed. 1.A library is (a) ___ part and parcel of (b) ____ education institution. It is (c) ___ unique place where books of different subjects are kept for (d) ____ reading. It enables (e) ___ readers to read books of their choice that create (f) ___ enthusiasm for learning. Students should pay (g) ___ visit to (h) ___ library regularly. They can borrow books for (i) ___ certain period and return them after (j) ___ given time. 2.Money cannot buy (a) ___ happiness. Money is (b) ___ must for our life. But it is nit (c) ___ necessary to bring our happiness. Happiness is absolutely (d) ___ psychological thing. It is (e) ___ name of (f) ___ feeling. It means (g) ___ contentment of the mind. He who is satisfied with what he gets and content with his life is (h) ___ really happy one. Happiness can’t be purchased with (i) ___ money. No doubt, money has got something to do with (j) ___ happiness, but it cannot give us happiness. 3.Patriotism is a noble (a) ___ virtue. It inspires (b) ___ man to shed last drop of blood to defend the freedom of his (c) ___ country. (d) ___ man without patriotism is no better than (e) ___ beast. A true patriot is honoured by (f) ___ all. He thinks for (g) ___ welfare of his country. On (h) ___ other hand (i) ___ unpatriotic man thinks only of his own interest. Those who die for (j) ___ country are true patriots. 4.Our life is (a) ___ sum total of hours, days and years. But all days are not equally memorable to us. Most of (b) ___ days are forgotten with (c) ___ passage of time. Only (d) ___ few of these days remain over fresh in our memory. My (e) ___ first day at school is such (f) ___ day. It is fresh in my mind even now. When I was (g) ___ boy of six, my father proposed that I should be admitted into (h) ___ school in (i) ___ class. I felt (j) ___ both joy and delight. 5.Unemployment is (a) ___ great social evil. All (b) ___ able-bodied persons in a society should be engaged in any occupations. (c) ___ unemployed man has to lead a vagabond life. Life becomes (d) ___ curse and burden to him. He has (e) ___ idles brain which very soon becomes (f) ___ devil’s workshop. There are many reasons of (g) ___ unemployment in our country. Bangladesh is not (h) ___ industrialized country. The mills and factories that we have, can give employment to (i) ___ limited number of people. Similar is the case with (j) ___ agriculture. 6.Punctuality is of great value to (a) ___ student, (b) ___ unpunctual boy who is late in (c) ___ class will miss (d) ___ part of his lesson and fall (e) ___ behind other students. But (f) ___ punctual student will learn his lesson in (g) ___ time and do well in (h) ___ examination. Punctuality is (i) ___ key to success in life. We all should be (j) ___ punctual in our activates. 7.Dowry means property or money brought by a bride to her (a) ___ husband. During marriage ceremony (b) ___ section of greedy people claim much wealth or money from (c) ___ guardians of the birders. (d) ___ poor illiterate girls become (e) ___ victim’s dowry. If (f) ___ guardians fail to fulfill (g) ___ demand of (h) ___ bridegroom, the birders are maltreated. So, the poor cannot think of marriage their daughters. It is (i) ___social curse. This curse can be eliminated by changing the outlook of people specially the male (j) ___ members. 8.Journey is always (a) ___ pleasure to me. Wherever I go on a journey my heart leaps with (b) ___ joy. But (c) ___ journey by boat gives me (d) ___ greatest pleasure. Since Bangladesh is a land of (e) ___ Rivers, it is (f) ___ easy matter to make (g) ___ journey by boat. Whenever I get (h) ___ opportunity to make (i) ___ journey by boat. I make (j) ___ best use of the opportunity. 9.English is (a) ___ international language. We feel (b) ___ necessity of learning English at every step. This is (c) ___ only language of international overseas business, communication, co-operation and (d) ___ existence. It is essential to receive (e) ___ foreign degree or higher education. All (f) ___ good jobs need English knowledge persons. So every educated man should know how (g) ___ to communicate in English. To learn and develop (h) ___ skill of English especially for (i) ___ students is very important. No (j) ___ student should be ignorant of it. 10.The Great Ship Titanic sailed for New York from Southampton on April, 1912. At that time she was (a) _____ largest ship. (b) _____ tragic sinking of this great (c) _____ liner will always be remembered for she went down on her first voyage. Four days after sailing out, while it was sailing across (d) _____ icy (e) _____ waters of (f) _____ North Atlantic, (g) _____ huge ice berg was suddenly spotted. After (h) _____ alarn had been given (i) _____ great’s ship turned sharply to avoid (j) _____ collision.

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for success (ii) Elimination of gender disparity which enslaves its women to to social progress (iii) The gender issue is a barrier is sure upholding human rights (iv) Gender friendliness no contradiction watchword in islam (v) There is is essential a challenge to lag behind (vi) A society is the on gender issues socio-economic development **** A B C D (i) We must acknowledge how graceful the creator is how to talk and the endless mystery of nature (ii) The first lesson of our house we discovered on order next (iii) They taught us we learned to the parents and without colliding with each other (iv) But when we came out how to eat from our how to live (v) We wondered are marching to arrange every thing than to nature (vi) The planets our debt in the heavenly plain parents **** A B C D (i) Traveling Traveling Is too much Much easier (ii) It has Does not Was difficult And some for business (iii) Some people Much benefit Mean that And full or problem (iv) The benefit Nowadays Some for education To gather experience (v) In ancient time Travel for pleasure Because it helps To describe (vi) Traveling Of traveling Has become It is simply passing time Re-arrange D. B. = 2010, S. B. = 2005, 2008, 2010 Ctg. B. = 2011, 2009, 2005 C. B. = 2010, 2008 R.B = 2009, 2006 *** King Solomon****Cinderella *** Grocer and fruit seller *** Androcles

HSC english suggestion

Suggestion for HSC Examination-2013 English First Paper Probable Seen Comprehension( For question no-01-08) Unit Lesson *** Education is one of the basic ---- social development 15 2 *** Education is the process ------- how right he was? 9 1 ** His name was Jerry ------- of his character. 5 6 ** Statistics show that about ----- better salaries. 3 2 ** In recent years ------ go under water. 6 3 *** Gender discrimination ------ individual life. 24 4 ** The most significant --------- and oppression. 23 2 ** Working opportunities --------- the 120 project. 15 3 ** As his repution as scientist ------well being. 12 6 * Bangladeshis a small ----- academic progress. 9 3 ** In the past. The common -------- dilemma for them. 3 1 * The present age ------ in modern times. 1 5 *** Communicative competence ------ designed to the 3 1 * Bonsai is the art of growing ------ a moneymaker. 4 4 * The environment refers ------- of natural disasters. 6 1 * The world is producing ----- of waste and filth. 6 2 * Human animals and plants ---- kind to mankind. 6 4 * Every year million of people ------- unnecessary diseases. 6 5 *** How safe will be building ------ to reduce of losses. 7 5 * The unit by which ----- the building. 8 3 * Television has become ------- learning style too. 10 1 * There have been significant ----- of sports entertainment. 10 4 * A society’s culture is ----------- inappropriate. 11 1 * British eating habits --------- use the in figure. 11 3 * Raindranath, the fourteenth ------------- of distinction. 12 3 * One very conspicuous change ------- order to survive. 14 3 * UNICEF stool originally --- in Bangladesh. 15 6 *** It has been over three hundred ------- on moonlight night. 16 3 * Ismail Hossain -------- out standings. 20 3 ** Globalisation has become ------ place to live in. 21 1 Paragraph Writing 1.Female education. ***2. Earthquake. *** 3.Load shading.4. International Mother language day. 5.Tree plantation.6. Early Marriage. *** 7.A book fair.8. Dowry. 9.My country. 10.A moonlit night. 11.Gender discrimination. *** 12.Necessity of learning English. *** 13.My childhood memories. *** 14.Keeping is good health. 15.Environmental pollution. 16.A rainy day 17.Traffic jam. ** With clues D. B. = 2010, 2005, 2007, 2009 S. B. = 2009, 2011, 2006, 2007 Ctg. B. = 2011, 2010, 2009, 2007 B. B. = 2011, 2010, 2006 C. B. = 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007 J. B. = 2008 Waste Community Sphere Women Family Returns Educate Develop Children Welfare Mother Sector Education for girls is essential for the development in all (a) ___ of the society. So investments in the education of (b) ___ will bring in greater (c) ____ in the field of economic and social (d) ___. Educated women can contribute more to the family (e) ___ than those who have no schooling. Educated (f) ___ are more likely so send their (g) ___ to school and look after their health and nutrition. Thus (h) ___ women can contribute to the (i) ___ development. On the other hand, failure to educate women is a tremendous (j) ___ of human resource. Rise Ability Flood Go Warming Alarming Predication Increase Severely Catastrophically Change Temperatures Causes raises The temperature of the world is (a) ___ day by day. Climatologists (b) ___ that midway through the next century, temperatures may have (c) ___ by as much as 4˚c. This cloud (d) ___ reduce man’s (e) ___ to grow food, destroy of (f) ___ damage wildlife and wilderness, (g) ___ sea levels and thereby (h) ___ costal areas and farmland. The (i) ___ news about Bangladesh is that as a result of the rise of the sea level, the lower southern part of the country may one day (j) ___ under water. Without clues D. B. = 2011, 2010, 2003 R. B. = 2011, 2007, 2010, 2008 Ctg. B. = 2011, 2008, 2004 B. B. = 2011, 2010, 2009, 2004 J. B. = 2009, 2006, 2005 S. B. = 2009, 2007, 2006 * * Trees are useful to man in many ways. They are our best friends. They provide us with (a) ----- without what we cannot live more than a few minutes. They supply us (b) ----- and food, give us shade and help to (c) ---- drought and natural (d) ----- . Unfortunately we cannot (e) ---- the importance of trees. We (f) ---- them down (g) ---- large numbers. (h) ----- it is a suicidal act. If we do not (i) ---- such acts soon our country will no doubt, turn into a (j) -----. ** Micro-credit institutions have a great (a) ---- in Bangladesh. Grameen bank is one of which has (b) ---- recognition. It (c) ___ money to the poor especially the (d) ---- women. It (e) ---- the need to develop skills and (f) ---- consciousness among them. It creates (g) ---- opportunity for rural women. This institution has a positive (h) ---- on their economic variables and family (i) ----. It also helps to (j) ---- their poverty. Table D. B. = 2011, 2010, 2009, 2007, 2005 C. B. = 2011, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2006 R. B. = 2011, 2009 J. B. = 2011, 2008 B. B. = 2010 Dinaj. B. = 2011, 2010 A B C D (i) Gender discrimination is for for success

More Database

1. The database administrator is a person having central control over data and programs accessing that data. Duties of the database administrator include: Scheme de nition: the creation of the original database scheme. This involves writing a set of de nitions in a DDL (data storage and de nition language), compiled by the DDL compiler into a set of tables stored in the data dictionary. Storage structure and access method de nition: writing a set of de nitions translated by the data storage and de nition language compiler Scheme and physical organization modi cation: writing a set of de nitions used by the DDL compiler to generate modi cations to appropriate internal system tables (e.g. data dictionary). This is done rarely, but sometimes the database scheme or physical organization must be modi ed. Granting of authorization for data access: granting di erent types of authorization for data access to various users Integrity constraint speci cation: generating integrity constraints. These are consulted by the database manager module whenever updates occur. 1.10 Database Users 1. The database users fall into several categories: Application programmers are computer professionals interacting with the system through DML calls embedded in a program written in a host language (e.g. C, PL/1, Pascal). { These programs are called application programs. { The DML precompiler converts DML calls (prefaced by a special character like $, #, etc.) to normal procedure calls in a host language. { The host language compiler then generates the object code. { Some special types of programming languages combine Pascal-like control structures with control structures for the manipulation of a database. { These are sometimes called fourth-generation languages. { They often include features to help generate forms and display data. Sophisticated users interact with the system without writing programs. { They form requests by writing queries in a database query language. { These are submitted to a query processor that breaks a DML statement down into instructions for the database manager module. Specialized users are sophisticated users writing special database application programs. These may be CADD systems, knowledge-based and expert systems, complex data systems (audio/video), etc. Naive users are unsophisticated users who interact with the system by using permanent application programs (e.g. automated teller machine). 1.11 Overall System Structure 1. Database systems are partitioned into modules for di erent functions. Some functions (e.g. le systems) may be provided by the operating system. 2. Components include: File manager manages allocation of disk space and data structures used to represent information on disk. 10 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION application interfaces application program query database scheme DDL compiler query processor DML precompiler application program object code database manager file manager data files data dictionary disk storage programmers naive application users sophisticated users database administrator Figure 1.6: Database system structure. Database manager: The interface between low-level data and application programs and queries. Query processor translates statements in a query language into low-level instructions the database manager understands. (May also attempt to nd an equivalent but more e cient form.) DML precompiler converts DML statements embedded in an application program to normal procedure calls in a host language. The precompiler interacts with the query processor. DDL compiler converts DDL statements to a set of tables containing metadata stored in a data dictionary. In addition, several data structures are required for physical system implementation: Data les: store the database itself. Data dictionary: stores information about the structure of the database. It is used heavily. Great emphasis should be placed on developing a good design and e cient implementation of the dictionary. Indices: provide fast access to data items holding particular values. 3. Figure ?? shows these components

Topics of computer

Organization of the records is as a collection of trees, rather than arbitrary graphs. Figure ?? shows a sample hierarchical database that is the equivalent of the relational database of Figure ??. Lowery Maple Queens Hodges Sidehill Brooklyn Shiver North Bronx 900 55 556 100000 647 105366 647 105366 801 10533 Figure 1.5: A sample hierarchical database 1.4. INSTANCES AND SCHEMES 7 The relational model does not use pointers or links, but relates records by the values they contain. This allows a formal mathematical foundation to be de ned. 1.3.3 Physical Data Models 1. Are used to describe data at the lowest level. 2. Very few models, e.g. Unifying model. Frame memory. 3. We will not cover physical models. 1.4 Instances and Schemes 1. Databases change over time. 2. The information in a database at a particular point in time is called an instance of the database. 3. The overall design of the database is called the database scheme. 4. Analogy with programming languages: Data type de nition { scheme Value of a variable { instance 5. There are several schemes, corresponding to levels of abstraction: Physical scheme Conceptual scheme Subscheme (can be many) 1.5 Data Independence 1. The ability to modify a scheme de nition in one level without a ecting a scheme de nition in a higher level is called data independence. 2. There are two kinds: Physical data independence { The ability to modify the physical scheme without causing application programs to be rewritten { Modi cations at this level are usually to improve performance Logical data independence { The ability to modify the conceptual scheme without causing application programs to be rewritten { Usually done when logical structure of database is altered 3. Logical data independence is harder to achieve as the application programs are usually heavily dependent on the logical structure of the data. An analogy is made to abstract data types in programming languages. 1.6 Data De nition Language (DDL) 1. Used to specify a database scheme as a set of de nitions expressed in a DDL 2. DDL statements are compiled, resulting in a set of tables stored in a special le called a data dictionary or data directory. 8 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3. The data directory contains metadata (data about data) 4. The storage structure and access methods used by the database system are speci ed by a set of de nitions in a special type of DDL called a data storage and de nition language 5. basic idea: hide implementation details of the database schemes from the users 1.7 Data Manipulation Language (DML) 1. Data Manipulation is: retrieval of information from the database insertion of new information into the database deletion of information in the database modi cation of information in the database 2. A DML is a language which enables users to access and manipulate data. The goal is to provide e cient human interaction with the system. 3. There are two types of DML: procedural: the user speci es what data is needed and how to get it nonprocedural: the user only speci es what data is needed { Easier for user { May not generate code as e cient as that produced by procedural languages 4. A query language is a portion of a DML involving information retrieval only. The terms DML and query language are often used synonymously. 1.8 Database Manager 1. The database manager is a program module which provides the interface between the low-level data stored in the database and the application programs and queries submitted to the system. 2. Databases typically require lots of storage space (gigabytes). This must be stored on disks. Data is moved between disk and main memory (MM) as needed. 3. The goal of the database system is to simplify and facilitate access to data. Performance is important. Views provide simpli cation. 4. So the database manager module is responsible for Interaction with the le manager: Storing raw data on disk using the le system usually provided by a conventional operating system. The database manager must translate DML statements into low-level le system commands (for storing, retrieving and updating data in the database). Integrity enforcement: Checking that updates in the database do not violate consistency constraints (e.g. no bank account balance below $25) Security enforcement: Ensuring that users only have access to information they are permitted to see Backup and recovery: Detecting failures due to power failure, disk crash, software errors, etc., and restoring the database to its state before the failure Concurrency control: Preserving data consistency when there are concurrent users. 5. Some small database systems may miss some of these features, resulting in simpler database managers. (For example, no concurrency is required on a PC running MS-DOS.) These features are necessary on larger systems. 1.9. DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR 9 1.9 Database Administrator

Database

4 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION customer CustAcct account name street city number balance Figure 1.2: A sample E-R diagram. { Object-oriented model. { Binary model. { Semantic data model. { Infological model. { Functional data model. 2. At this point, we'll take a closer look at the entity-relationship (E-R) and object-oriented models. The E-R Model 1. The entity-relationship model is based on a perception of the world as consisting of a collection of basic objects (entities) and relationships among these objects. An entity is a distinguishable object that exists. Each entity has associated with it a set of attributes describing it. E.g. number and balance for an account entity. A relationship is an association among several entities. e.g. A cust acct relationship associates a customer with each account he or she has. The set of all entities or relationships of the same type is called the entity set or relationship set. Another essential element of the E-R diagram is the mapping cardinalities, which express the number of entities to which another entity can be associated via a relationship set. We'll see later how well this model works to describe real world situations. 2. The overall logical structure of a database can be expressed graphically by an E-R diagram: rectangles: represent entity sets. ellipses: represent attributes. diamonds: represent relationships among entity sets. lines: link attributes to entity sets and entity sets to relationships. See gure ?? for an example. The Object-Oriented Model 1. The object-oriented model is based on a collection of objects, like the E-R model. An object contains values stored in instance variables within the object. Unlike the record-oriented models, these values are themselves objects. 1.3. DATA MODELS 5 Thus objects contain objects to an arbitrarily deep level of nesting. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the the object. These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain the same types of values and the same methods are grouped into classes. A class may be viewed as a type de nition for objects. Analogy: the programming language concept of an abstract data type. The only way in which one object can access the data of another object is by invoking the method of that other object. This is called sending a message to the object. Internal parts of the object, the instance variables and method code, are not visible externally. Result is two levels of data abstraction. For example, consider an object representing a bank account. The object contains instance variables number and balance. The object contains a method pay-interest which adds interest to the balance. Under most data models, changing the interest rate entails changing code in application programs. In the object-oriented model, this only entails a change within the pay-interest method. 2. Unlike entities in the E-R model, each object has its own unique identity, independent of the values it contains: Two objects containing the same values are distinct. Distinction is maintained in physical level by assigning distinct object identi ers. 1.3.2 Record-based Logical Models 1. Record-based logical models: Also describe data at the conceptual and view levels. Unlike object-oriented models, are used to { Specify overall logical structure of the database, and { Provide a higher-level description of the implementation. Named so because the database is structured in xed-format records of several types. Each record type de nes a xed number of elds, or attributes. Each eld is usually of a xed length (this simpli es the implementation). Record-based models do not include a mechanism for direct representation of code in the database. Separate languages associated with the model are used to express database queries and updates. The three most widely-accepted models are the relational, network, and hierarchical. This course will concentrate on the relational model. The network and hierarchical models are covered in appendices in the text. The Relational Model Data and relationships are represented by a collection of tables. Each table has a number of columns with unique names, e.g. customer, account. Figure ?? shows a sample relational database. 6 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION name street city number Lowery Maple Queens 900 Shiver North Bronx 556 Shiver North Bronx 647 Hodges Sidehill Brooklyn 801 Hodges Sidehill Brooklyn 647 name balance 900 55 556 100000 647 105366 801 10533 Figure 1.3: A sample relational database. Lowery Maple Queens 900 55 Shiver North Bronx Hodges Sidehill Brooklyn 100000 647 105366 801 10533 556 Figure 1.4: A sample network database The Network Model Data are represented by collections of records. Relationships among data are represented by links. Organization is that of an arbitrary graph. Figure ?? shows a sample network database that is the equivalent of the relational database of Figure ??. The Hierarchical Model Similar to the network model.

Computer subject

Databes Chapter 1 Introduction CMPT-354-Han-95.3 Lecture Notes September 10, 1995 1.0 Database Management Systems 1. A database management system (DBMS), or simply a database system (DBS), consists of A collection of interrelated and persistent data (usually referred to as the database (DB)). A set of application programs used to access, update and manage that data (which form the data management system (MS)). 2. The goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is both convenient and e cient to use in Retrieving information from the database. Storing information into the database. 3. Databases are usually designed to manage large bodies of information. This involves De nition of structures for information storage (data modeling). Provision of mechanisms for the manipulation of information ( le and systems structure, query process- ing). Providing for the safety of information in the database (crash recovery and security). Concurrency control if the system is shared by users. 1.1 Purpose of Database Systems 1. To see why database management systems are necessary, let's look at a typical \ le-processing system" supported by a conventional operating system. The application is a savings bank: Savings account and customer records are kept in permanent system les. Application programs are written to manipulate les to perform the following tasks: { Debit or credit an account. { Add a new account. { Find an account balance. { Generate monthly statements. 2. Development of the system proceeds as follows: New application programs must be written as the need arises. New permanent les are created as required. 1 2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION but over a long period of time les may be in di erent formats, and Application programs may be in di erent languages. 3. So we can see there are problems with the straight le-processing approach: Data redundancy and inconsistency { Same information may be duplicated in several places. { All copies may not be updated properly. Di culty in accessing data { May have to write a new application program to satisfy an unusual request. { E.g. nd all customers with the same postal code. { Could generate this data manually, but a long job... Data isolation { Data in di erent les. { Data in di erent formats. { Di cult to write new application programs. Multiple users { Want concurrency for faster response time. { Need protection for concurrent updates. { E.g. two customers withdrawing funds from the same account at the same time| account has $500 in it, and they withdraw $100 and $50. The result could be $350, $400 or $450 if no protection. Security problems { Every user of the system should be able to access only the data they are permitted to see. { E.g. payroll people only handle employee records, and cannot see customer accounts; tellers only access account data and cannot see payroll data. { Di cult to enforce this with application programs. Integrity problems { Data may be required to satisfy constraints. { E.g. no account balance below $25.00. { Again, di cult to enforce or to change constraints with the le-processing approach. These problems and others led to the development of database management systems. 1.2 Data Abstraction 1. The major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of the system. The system hides certain details of how data is stored and maintained Complexity should be hidden from database users. 2. There are several levels of abstraction: (a) Physical Level: How the data are stored. E.g. index, B-tree, hashing. Lowest level of abstraction. Complex low-level structures described in detail. (b) Conceptual Level: Next highest level of abstraction. 1.3. DATA MODELS 3 view 1 view 2 view n conceptual level physical level . . . Figure 1.1: The three levels of data abstraction Describes what data are stored. Describes the relationships among data. Database administrator level. (c) View Level: Highest level. Describes part of the database for a particular group of users. Can be many di erent views of a database. E.g. tellers in a bank get a view of customer accounts, but not of payroll data. Fig. ?? ( gure 1.1 in the text) illustrates the three levels. 1.3 Data Models 1. Data models are a collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data semantics and data constraints. There are three di erent groups: (a) Object-based Logical Models. (b) Record-based Logical Models. (c) Physical Data Models. We'll look at them in more detail now. 1.3.1 Object-based Logical Models 1. Object-based logical models: Describe data at the conceptual and view levels. Provide fairly exible structuring capabilities. Allow one to specify data constraints explicitly. Over 30 such models, including { Entity-relationship model.

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